историята

The scientific heritage of Academician N. S. Derzhavin (1877-1953) is enormous in volume and extremely diverse in the nature of the research and the range of issues covered. N. S. Derzhavin is a scientist with a broad profile, a scientist with great erudition in various fields of knowledge. Valuable works on the methodology of teaching the Russian language in secondary school, special studies on the history of Russian literature, on folklore and ethnography of various peoples came from the pen of N. S. Derzhavin. The breadth and diversity of his scientific interests in the field of Slavic studies, his scientific activity as a historian and philologist, ethnographer and folklorist allow us to speak of him as one of the founders of Soviet Slavic studies.

The literary theory section at the Institute of Bulgarian Literature discussed the work of junior research associate Atanas Natev - Purpose or End-in-itself of Art? (Critical Observations on Neo-Kantian Aesthetics in Bulgaria). The author dedicated his work to the problem of the penetration of neo-Kantian aesthetics in Bulgaria - he examines the works of its supporters and the results of their activities. The work is divided into seven chapters: Theoretical zigzags of a thesis; The psychological vow of aesthetics; Purpose or social aimlessness of art; The specific purpose - social justification of art; Tendency and tendentiousness of art; Exiled knowledge and Aesthetic pleasure and art. The pivotal chapter is the fourth, which contains the author's aesthetic credo - in it he seeks to provide a scientific justification for his thesis on the specificity of art. According to Natev, the specificity of art (in the most general sense) comes not from the subject, not from the object, but from a special social need. Artistic images, after appropriate objectification, can become art only if they gain a public, if they enter social circulation.

In the Oriental Department of the Vasil Kolarov National Library - Sofia, an original correspondence is kept, handwritten in Turkish with Arabic script, containing letters and resolutions from March 1853, respectively emanating from the kaymakam of the Sliven Liva, the commander of the Rumelian Army, and the Supreme Military Council of the same army. The document in question is classified: Sliven, Kaymakam - and Liva. Date March 10, 1853, new style. II. Outlawry, and refers to the person Shabiloglu Mustafa, a gypsy from Gradec, a famous robber who roamed this region for years during that dark era of slavery and instilled fear and trembling among the population of several districts in the Sliven region. In view of the content of the cited document and the interest it represents for our literature, in which the person Shabil through the pen of the writer Yovkov is described as a legendary hero in the famous Stara Planina legend under the title "Shibil", we give the entire content of the Turkish correspondence, translated into Bulgarian. The document is unknown to our public and has not been published so far. Apparently, it was not known to the late Yovkov when he wrote his legend about Shabil. We are publishing it for the first time in order to protect our literati - poets and writers from infatuation, delusion and mistakes in the future regarding the legend of "Shibil", which, like the document, sheds full light on the truth about Shibil. Shibil is no longer a "legend", but an ordinary robber.

The mutual relations between the old Russian Literature and the old South Slavic literatures (Bulgarian and Serbian) have long been the subject of research. In this field of science, the most has been written so far by Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian scholars. The number of studies becomes even greater if we take into account the studies in general on the cultural relations between these three fraternal peoples, whose cultural development has many common features and trends. It was a natural phenomenon at the beginning of these studies to search for and indicate the influence of the South Slavic literatures on medieval Russian literature, more precisely on the oldest period of its development. Such is indeed the beginning of their relationship, but it alone does not exhaust the nature of the mutual relations between the Russian and South Slavic Literatures. Because ancient Russia not only adopted cultural values ​​from the Slavic south, but in turn it also influenced the cultural development of Bulgarians and Serbs, works of Russian literature penetrated the old Bulgarian and Serbian literature. This process has been particularly strong since the 16th century, but such an influence also existed before the 16th century, albeit in a weaker form. This statement of the problem of the Russian-Southern Slavic cultural and especially literary relations was first given by the famous Russian Slavic scientist M. N. Speransky. Presented first in his introductory lecture "Dividing the history of Russian literature into periods and the influence of Russian literature on Yugoslavia" (Русский филологический вестинк, XXXVI 1896, vol. 3-4, pp. 193-223). Yugoslav and Russian texts "Stories about the construction of the temple of Sophia of Tsaregrad". Speransky managed to present his many years of observations on this common problem in his monograph “Toward the History of the Relations between Russian and South Slavic Literatures (Russian Monuments of Southern Slavonic Literature), published in 1923 in the Proceedings of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (vol. XXVI, pp. 143-206). Here the author asserts: “The number of these facts - Russian monuments of one or another type of the indicated works that were in use among the South Slavs, the participation of Russian writers in the life of South Slavic literatures - although not as large as the number of South Slavic monuments in the practice of writing from the old period, is still quite significant, so that the more general question of the role of Russian literature in South Slavic literature can now be raised, just as we at the time raised and resolved the question of the role of South Slavic literature in Russian (p. 12). This correct methodological indication of Speransky is embedded in the scientific literature after him; he develops this thought in his more recent works, prepared for publication, but remained unpublished. Speransky's numerous studies rightly outline him as a scientist who not only knows best the mutual connections between the old literatures of Bulgarians, Russians and Serbs, but also who has made the greatest contribution to revealing the history of these connections. It is this assessment, perhaps, along with the observation that the problem of Russian-Slavic connections in the 11th-17th centuries, which is of great scientific interest, still needs development, that served as an occasion to publish some of Speransky's studies that remained in his archive.

"RLF" - Workers' Literary Front. I leaf through the yellowed pages of this veteran with excitement. Here every slogan, every article, every verse and story is colored by the flame of the class struggle. The end of 1929. The wound from the September Uprising, from the pogroms in 1925 is still alive. The headscarves of the thousands of mothers, wives and sisters of the murdered are black. Even blacker is the blackness of fascism, hanging over the entire country. But the people who survived the five centuries of Turkish slavery, the people who fought with black bullets against the Sultan's empire, the people who refused to kill their brothers at the front and sprinkled Vladaya with their blood, the people who, in the name of communism, rose up in the first anti-fascist uprising in the world - this people is awake. It is gathering strength for a new struggle, for the last decisive battle. It is enough to felt the first breath of the rising revolutionary wave in our country and abroad, to erect a camp, to rise from the fire like the legendary bird, the ranks of the fighters. And again the fiery banner is raised and taken off. The Bulgarian working class, the working peasantry and the progressive intelligentsia are writing new glorious pages in their heroic history. An important place in the fierce ideological struggle, and especially on the literary front during this period, is occupied by the newspaper "RLF", which was published from December 1929 to June 1934 in the conditions of the bourgeois fascist state, of the dominant bourgeois, fascistizing culture, in it openly and boldly proceeded to organize and unite the progressive artistic intelligentsia in the name of communism. Of course, even before "RLF" in general political and special publications the party defended Marxist understandings of literature and art, fought for affirmation and development of the seeds of socialist culture. However, never during the period of capitalism and fascism was this struggle waged so openly, so massively, offensively and effectively as in the "RLF". For this, of course, the accumulated experience and revolutionary traditions of the past played a significant role. After all, among revolutionary democrats such as Rakovski, Botev, Karavelov and others, literature and art were an integral part of the common struggle for the liberation of the people! These traditions, in the conditions of capitalist society, were continued by Blagoev, Kirkov, Polyanov.

The appearance of the book “On Some Peculiarities of Bulgarian Poetry 1923-1944” by Rozalia Lykova is an interesting phenomenon. This is an attempt to systematize the vast material on our poetic development for two decades, to outline the directions and give portraits of the significant representatives of our poetry at that time. The author Rozalia Lykova has studied the entire literary life of that time. She has encountered many problems, successfully and with arguments she has rejected a number of obsessions and errors in the evaluations of poetry. Her book has not remained at the level of what has been established and said so far. Although it is based on rich historical-literary and factual material, Lykova tries to supplement and enrich our ideas about the poets, to complete their creative image. In a certain sense, she moves forward the attitude of our literary history and criticism towards the work of these poets.

In this article I will touch upon only some issues from the history of Bulgarian drama, related mainly to its striving to generalize, to reach the foundations of historical truth. Of course, a number of problems of the complex historical development of our dramaturgy will remain outside the scope of the article. I will begin with the already well-known fact that our national dramaturgy lags behind our poetry and prose. Our poetry has such representatives as Hr. Botev, P. K. Yavorov, Hr. Smirnenski, D. Debelyanov and N. Vaptsarov, in the field of prose Iv. Vazov, Al. Konstantinov, Elin Pelin, Yor. Yovkov and others have worked, and our best dramas have been created by writers for whom dramatic creativity has sometimes been, so to speak, a second or third passion.

On October 7, this year, the Scientific Council at the Institute of Literature discussed the work of Acad. Mihail Arnaudov "From the History of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The Bulgarian Literary Society in Braila (1869-1876)". In their reviews, Assoc. Prof. Georgi Dimov and Nikolay Todorov give an affirmative assessment of the work, indicating in detail its merits and at the same time making some recommendations for its improvement. In his review, Georgi Dimov emphasizes the task that the author of the work set himself - to study the long-term process of maturing the idea of ​​organizing a scientific center, as a result of which the Literary Society in Braila was created. The work traces the activity of this cultural center for a certain period - until 1876, when it practically ceased to exist, and its activity was resumed after the Liberation under different socio-historical and cultural conditions. On a very broad scale and using rich factual material, Acad. M. Arnaudov focuses on the efforts of the Bulgarians for an independent educational and scientific-cultural life since the beginning of the 19th century, and in this way the exposition in many places turns into a history of the development of spiritual life in general during the Revival. The author's broad erudition has allowed him to build his study on a comparative-historical basis - he acquaints the reader with similar phenomena in neighboring and more distant countries, which could serve as an example for our Revival figures. An expert on that era, the author freely handles historical sources, presents materials of various nature, drawn from the periodical press, from correspondence, from general and literary works or from previous research. Thus, the reader has the opportunity to see how the idea of ​​organizing special societies or centers with the task of working for the advancement of Bulgarian enlightenment, education, culture, etc. is taken up by one or another figure, what content is put into it, in what specific form they want to carry out their patriotic undertakings. The author examines cultural and educational phenomena against the background of social reality. The difficulties that accompany the realization of this work are thoroughly presented. True thoughts are also expressed about the struggle between the two trends in emigration.

The Bulgarian periodical press, whose beginnings date back 124 years in the city of Smyrna by Konstantin Fotinov with the appearance of the trial booklet of the magazine "Lyuboslovie", has an important share in the political, cultural and literary history of the Bulgarian people. The unpretentious beginning in the distant and isolated from our people region of Asia Minor over the years ignited the spark of the people's struggle for universal Bulgarian education, church autonomy and political independence. The Bulgarian periodical press before the Liberation was an important factor for the national awareness of our people, for its cohesion in a whole nation, for the manifestation of the people's ideals, in the name of which a merciless struggle was undertaken. After the Liberation (1878-1885) periodical 1 Georgi Borshukov. History of Bulgarian Journalism. 1844-1877/1878-1885. Sofia, 1965, p. 578.8°. Ed. of Science and Art. 149 The Czech press supported the implementation of the Unification and the consolidation of the Bulgarian state.

The emergence, development and legacy of ideological and artistic movements, of literary genres during the different stages of literary development, as well as a number of other phenomena in the history of Albanian literature, contain a whole series of differences that can be elucidated, taking into account the specific conditions of the national and historical development of Albania. Albanian literature has developed in conditions of national oppression and the long dominance of feudal relations. The ruling feudal class, intimately linked to the Ottoman Empire not only politically, but also culturally and ideologically, the lack of a national church of linguistic tradition, the existence of three different religions and, consequently, belonging to contradictory ideological movements (Christianity, European bourgeois culture and Islamism), the lack of a single economic, political and cultural center - these are, in broad outline, the historical factors that have made it more difficult than in other countries to achieve a synthesis of a modern national culture. In the 18th century, the old literature of a confessional nature continued to exist in Albania, whose main representative was the Albanian Catholic clergy. This literature found its right to exist and support in the resistance of the mountain population against the Ottoman rule. Its tradition of that time was continued by G. Kazazi, who in 1743 published a catechism in which he expressed his concern and love for the mother tongue, a feature common to all old Albanian authors. However, the ebb of the wave of uprisings against Turkey erased its importance in this literary production as well. With its narrow, confessional and regional character, the old Albanian literature could no longer satisfy the requirements of the new era, which heralded the rise of the bourgeoisie. But this spirit of resistance against Turkey, which was characteristic of it, continued to be preserved: it would develop as an element embedded in later Albanian literature.

The question of Russian-Bulgarian cultural ties has always deeply concerned both Bulgarian and Russian historians and literary scholars. In recent years, many new works have appeared in Bulgaria and the Soviet Union that shed light on this problem. Among them can be mentioned the studies of the Soviet scientists N. S. Derzhavin "History of Bulgaria" (I-IV t., M.-L., 1945-48), "Hristo Botev - poet-revolutionary" (M. - L., 1948), "Ivan Vazov. Life and work" (M. L., 1948), etc., by L. Erikhonov "Russian revolutionaries" democrats and public thought of the southern Slavs in the 60s and 70s of the XIX century" (M., 1950), the collective work of Soviet historians "History of Bulgaria" (vol. I, M. - L., 1953), the book "Iz istorii russko-bulgarskih otsenshih. Collection of articles" (M., 1958) as well as individual articles by many authors. At the same time, Bulgarian scholars published several serious studies, among which we should note P. Zarev's work "Bulgarian Literature" (S., 1950), G. Tsanev's "Pages from the History of Bulgarian Literature in the 19th Century" (S., 1958), V. Velchev's "The Impact of Russian Classical Literature on the Formation and Development of Bulgarian Literature in the 19th Century" (S., 1958) and other works.

In Bulgarian literary and historical science after 1944, the question of the development of our literary theory and criticism is not new, it has not just arisen. As a research task, this question has been raised more than once and not by one or two Bulgarian literary historians. For various reasons, however, no work has been done in this direction. There are too few researchers who have occasionally paid attention to one or another moment in the history of Bulgarian literary criticism, theory and science. The only more systematic and comprehensive studies that have been published so far belong to Georgi Dimov, who works mainly in this scientific field.

The anniversaries of the birth or death of great and notable personalities, connected through their work with a certain era in the history of the cultural conquests of humanity, are a good occasion to put us in a "dialogue with the past", as the prominent French literary historian Professor Jean Pomier titled one of his works, and to allow us to look at their ideas, concepts, and influences from the standpoint of our modernity, with a view to seeing the place they have in the panorama of their national literature, as well as in the general panorama of world literature.